RESUMEN
I investigate the causal effect of education on time preferences. To deal with the endogeneity of education, I exploit exogenous variation in education imposed by a Turkish school reform that raised compulsory education from five to eight years. I find that education causes individuals to make more patient inter-temporal choices but does not induce them to report being more patient. I also provide evidence that the effect of education on patient inter-temporal choices does not operate through changes in financial well-being.
Asunto(s)
Escolaridad , Humanos , Turquia , Femenino , Masculino , Instituciones Académicas , Conducta de Elección , Adulto , Programas Obligatorios/legislación & jurisprudencia , Factores de Tiempo , Educación/legislación & jurisprudencia , Factores SocioeconómicosRESUMEN
This Viewpoint discusses how federal vaccine requirements have helped thwart vaccine-preventable diseases as well as how growing public resistance to vaccines and judicial and legislative limits to vaccination mandates may change that.
Asunto(s)
Programas de Inmunización , Programas Obligatorios , Salud Pública , Vacunación , Vacunas , Programas de Inmunización/legislación & jurisprudencia , Programas de Inmunización/métodos , Programas Obligatorios/legislación & jurisprudencia , Salud Pública/legislación & jurisprudencia , Salud Pública/métodos , Vacunación/legislación & jurisprudencia , Vacunación/métodos , Vacunas/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: By the end of 2022, nearly 20 million workers in the United States have gained paid-sick-leave coverage from mandates that require employers to provide benefits to qualified workers, including paid time off for the use of preventive services. Although the lack of paid-sick-leave coverage may hinder access to preventive care, current evidence is insufficient to draw meaningful conclusions about its relationship to cancer screening. METHODS: We examined the association between paid-sick-leave mandates and screening for breast and colorectal cancers by comparing changes in 12- and 24-month rates of colorectal-cancer screening and mammography between workers residing in metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) that have been affected by paid-sick-leave mandates (exposed MSAs) and workers residing in unexposed MSAs. The comparisons were conducted with the use of administrative medical-claims data for approximately 2 million private-sector employees from 2012 through 2019. RESULTS: Paid-sick-leave mandates were present in 61 MSAs in our sample. Screening rates were similar in the exposed and unexposed MSAs before mandate adoption. In the adjusted analysis, cancer-screening rates were higher among workers residing in exposed MSAs than among those in unexposed MSAs by 1.31 percentage points (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.28 to 2.34) for 12-month colorectal cancer screening, 1.56 percentage points (95% CI, 0.33 to 2.79) for 24-month colorectal cancer screening, 1.22 percentage points (95% CI, -0.20 to 2.64) for 12-month mammography, and 2.07 percentage points (95% CI, 0.15 to 3.99) for 24-month mammography. CONCLUSIONS: In a sample of private-sector workers in the United States, cancer-screening rates were higher among those residing in MSAs exposed to paid-sick-leave mandates than among those residing in unexposed MSAs. Our results suggest that a lack of paid-sick-leave coverage presents a barrier to cancer screening. (Funded by the National Cancer Institute.).
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama , Neoplasias Colorrectales , Detección Precoz del Cáncer , Ausencia por Enfermedad , Humanos , Neoplasias de la Mama/diagnóstico , Neoplasias de la Mama/economía , Neoplasias Colorrectales/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Colorrectales/economía , Detección Precoz del Cáncer/economía , Detección Precoz del Cáncer/estadística & datos numéricos , Mamografía/estadística & datos numéricos , Programas Obligatorios/economía , Programas Obligatorios/legislación & jurisprudencia , Programas Obligatorios/estadística & datos numéricos , Salarios y Beneficios/economía , Salarios y Beneficios/legislación & jurisprudencia , Salarios y Beneficios/estadística & datos numéricos , Ausencia por Enfermedad/economía , Ausencia por Enfermedad/legislación & jurisprudencia , Ausencia por Enfermedad/estadística & datos numéricos , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Población Urbana/estadística & datos numéricos , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud/economía , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud/legislación & jurisprudencia , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud/estadística & datos numéricosAsunto(s)
Vacunas contra la COVID-19/administración & dosificación , COVID-19/prevención & control , Programas Obligatorios/legislación & jurisprudencia , Medicina Estatal/legislación & jurisprudencia , Vacunación/legislación & jurisprudencia , COVID-19/economía , COVID-19/epidemiología , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/economía , Inglaterra/epidemiología , Empleados de Gobierno/legislación & jurisprudencia , Política de Salud/economía , Política de Salud/legislación & jurisprudencia , Humanos , Programas Obligatorios/economía , Programas Obligatorios/normas , Medicina Estatal/normas , Vacunación/economía , Vacunación/normasAsunto(s)
Derechos Civiles/legislación & jurisprudencia , Política de Salud/legislación & jurisprudencia , Salud Pública/legislación & jurisprudencia , COVID-19/prevención & control , Constitución y Estatutos , Gobierno Federal , Humanos , Programas Obligatorios/legislación & jurisprudencia , Gobierno Estatal , Estados UnidosAsunto(s)
Vacunas contra la COVID-19/administración & dosificación , COVID-19/prevención & control , Programas de Inmunización/legislación & jurisprudencia , Programas Obligatorios/legislación & jurisprudencia , Vacunación Masiva/legislación & jurisprudencia , COVID-19/epidemiología , Humanos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaAsunto(s)
COVID-19/transmisión , Infección Hospitalaria/prevención & control , Transmisión de Enfermedad Infecciosa/prevención & control , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19/epidemiología , Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , Infección Hospitalaria/epidemiología , Regulación Gubernamental , Personal de Salud , Hospitales , Humanos , Inmunización Secundaria , Transmisión de Enfermedad Infecciosa de Profesional a Paciente/prevención & control , Programas Obligatorios/legislación & jurisprudencia , SARS-CoV-2/patogenicidad , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
We analyzed how activists opposed to vaccination have used arguments related to freedom, liberty, and individual rights in US history. We focused on the period from the 1880s through the 1920s, when the first wave of widespread and sustained antivaccination activism in this country occurred. During this era, activists used the language of liberty and freedom most prominently in opposition to compulsory vaccination laws, which the activists alleged violated their constitutionally protected rights. Critics attacked vaccination with liberty-based arguments even when it was not mandatory, and they used the language of freedom expansively to encompass individuals' freedom to choose their health and medical practices, freedom to raise their children as they saw fit, and freedom from the quasicoercive influence of scientific and medical experts and elite institutions. Evidence suggests that in recent years, vaccine refusal has increasingly been framed as a civil right. We argue that this framing has always lain at the heart of resistance to vaccination and that it may prove consequential for the rollout of COVID-19 vaccines. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(2):234-241. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306504).
Asunto(s)
Movimiento Anti-Vacunación/historia , Negativa a la Vacunación , Vacunación/legislación & jurisprudencia , Derechos Civiles , Disentimientos y Disputas , Libertad , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Programas Obligatorios/legislación & jurisprudencia , Activismo Político , Salud Pública , Estados UnidosAsunto(s)
COVID-19/prevención & control , Personal de Salud/legislación & jurisprudencia , Programas Obligatorios/legislación & jurisprudencia , Medicina Estatal/legislación & jurisprudencia , Vacunación/legislación & jurisprudencia , Actitud del Personal de Salud , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/virología , Inglaterra/epidemiología , Personal de Salud/normas , Humanos , Inmunización Secundaria/normas , Transmisión de Enfermedad Infecciosa de Profesional a Paciente/prevención & control , Programas Obligatorios/normas , Pandemias/prevención & control , SARS-CoV-2/patogenicidad , Medicina Estatal/normas , Vacunación/normasAsunto(s)
Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Comercio/legislación & jurisprudencia , Personal de Salud/legislación & jurisprudencia , Programas Obligatorios/legislación & jurisprudencia , Salud Pública/legislación & jurisprudencia , Decisiones de la Corte Suprema , United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration/legislación & jurisprudencia , COVID-19/diagnóstico , Humanos , Programas Obligatorios/tendencias , Exámenes Obligatorios/legislación & jurisprudencia , Estados UnidosAsunto(s)
Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Comercio/legislación & jurisprudencia , Programas Obligatorios/legislación & jurisprudencia , Decisiones de la Corte Suprema , United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration/legislación & jurisprudencia , COVID-19/diagnóstico , Predicción , Humanos , Exámenes Obligatorios/legislación & jurisprudencia , Estados UnidosAsunto(s)
Vacunas contra la COVID-19/administración & dosificación , COVID-19/prevención & control , Derechos Humanos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Programas Obligatorios/legislación & jurisprudencia , Vacunación/legislación & jurisprudencia , COVID-19/epidemiología , Salud Global , Humanos , Programas Obligatorios/organización & administración , Pandemias/legislación & jurisprudencia , Pandemias/prevención & controlAsunto(s)
COVID-19/prevención & control , Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles/legislación & jurisprudencia , Programas Obligatorios/legislación & jurisprudencia , Sector Privado/legislación & jurisprudencia , Salud Pública/legislación & jurisprudencia , Cuarentena/legislación & jurisprudencia , Vacunación/legislación & jurisprudencia , COVID-19/transmisión , Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S./legislación & jurisprudencia , Derechos Civiles/legislación & jurisprudencia , Gobierno Federal , Educación en Salud , Humanos , Salud Laboral/legislación & jurisprudencia , Religión , Gobierno Estatal , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
Vaccine safety is their main concern.
Asunto(s)
Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , COVID-19/prevención & control , Enfermeras y Enfermeros/psicología , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud , Humanos , Programas Obligatorios/legislación & jurisprudencia , Enfermeras y Enfermeros/legislación & jurisprudencia , Estados Unidos , Vacunación/legislación & jurisprudenciaAsunto(s)
Vacunas contra la COVID-19/administración & dosificación , COVID-19/prevención & control , Programas Obligatorios/legislación & jurisprudencia , Política Pública/legislación & jurisprudencia , Vacunación/legislación & jurisprudencia , Alergia e Inmunología , Australia/epidemiología , COVID-19/epidemiología , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/normas , Humanos , Colaboración Intersectorial , Pandemias/prevención & control , Ciencias Sociales , Vacunación/normasRESUMEN
Behavioral epidemiology suggests that there is a tight dynamic coupling between the timeline of an epidemic outbreak, and the social response in the affected population (with a typical course involving physical distancing between individuals, avoidance of large gatherings, wearing masks, etc). We study the bidirectional coupling between the epidemic dynamics of COVID-19 and the population social response in the state of New York, between March 1, 2020 (which marks the first confirmed positive diagnosis in the state), until June 20, 2020. This window captures the first state-wide epidemic wave, which peaked to over 11,000 confirmed cases daily in April (making New York one of the US states most severely affected by this first wave), and subsided by the start of June to a count of consistently under 1,500 confirmed cases per day (suggesting temporary state-wide control of the epidemic). In response to the surge in cases, social distancing measures were gradually introduced over two weeks in March, culminating with the PAUSE directive on March 22nd, which mandated statewide shutdown of all nonessential activity. The mandates were then gradually relaxed in stages throughout summer, based on how epidemic benchmarks were met in various New York regions. In our study, we aim to examine on one hand, whether different counties exhibited different responses to the PAUSE centralized measures depending on their epidemic situation immediately preceding PAUSE. On the other hand, we explore whether these different county-wide responses may have contributed in turn to modulating the counties' epidemic timelines. We used the public domain to extract county-wise epidemic measures (such as cumulative and daily incidence of COVID-19), and social mobility measures for different modalities (driving, walking, public transit) and to different destinations. Our correlation analyses between the epidemic and the mobility time series found significant correlations between the size of the epidemic and the degree of mobility drop after PAUSE, as well as between the mobility comeback patterns and the epidemic recovery timeline. In line with existing literature on the role of the population behavioral response during an epidemic outbreak, our results support the potential importance of the PAUSE measures to the control of the first epidemic wave in New York State.